어떤 것이나 사람이 없는 상태를 나타냄
not having or including something; in the absence of
예문:
"It is difficult to survive in the desert without water."
"She achieved success without any help from her parents."
언급된 동작을 수행하지 않은 채로
not performing the action mentioned; used with a gerund
예문:
"He walked past me without even looking."
"Don't enter the laboratory without wearing a mask."
어떤 장소나 경계의 바깥쪽에
on the outside of a place or boundary
예문:
"The army gathered without the castle gates."
"They lived in a small cottage without the village boundary."
외부에서 또는 옥외에서
on the outside; outdoors or externally
예문:
"The wind howled without while we sat by the fire."
"The messenger waited without for an answer."
어떤 일이 일어나지 않는다면
unless; except that
예문:
"I won't be able to finish this without you help me."
"No one can enter without they have a pass."